考研英语语法

第一课 简单句

1. 什么是英语句子？

• 必须具备主谓结构
• 并且主语一定是谓语动作的发出者，如果有宾语的话，宾语一定是谓语动作的承受者。

2. 英语句子的基本结构

1) 主谓

• He died.
• We laugh(ed).

2) 主谓宾

谓语：实义动词

3) 主谓表( 主系表 ) 🔺🔺🔺

谓语：系动词

• be

• 感官动词：look、smell、taste、sound、feel

  smell：闻起来；n. 气味

  taste：尝起来；n. 喜爱；爱好 ———— have taste for sth. 喜爱 … 东西

  sound：听起来；n. 声音 adj.甜美的；好的 例句：Your sound sounds sound. 你声音听起来甜美的。

  feel：感觉起来；摸起来

  look：看起来； = seem = appear

• 变化：become、get、turn、grow、fall

• 保持：keep、stay、remain、stand

• 表象：seem、appear

• 终止：prove

4) 主谓双宾 ❌ 见到的比较少

5) 主谓宾宾补 ❌ 见到的比较少

• I bought hime a dog. -> 主谓双宾

• You should keep the room clean and tidy. -> 主谓宾宾补

  [!Tip]

  区别：只需要在最后两个宾语之间加个 be 动词，如果读起来意思是对的，说明两个宾语是有关系的，就是主谓宾宾补，如果不对，就是主谓双宾

• We made him out monitor. -> 主谓宾宾补

3. 句子的成分（词性的问题）🔺🔺🔺

谓语

1. 谓语的成分

2. 具有时态系动词或实义动词（词组）

3. P.S.：含情态动词的谓语先排除

4. 动词能不能多

5. 绝对不能

6. 一句话中只能有一个动词存在，并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成 非-谓语动词。

   刘晓燕老师的三句话：

7. 首先，谓语只能是动词，然后，动词只能作谓语，动词就是谓语。所以，我们需要把一句话中不作谓语的成分全部变为非-谓语动词。

8. 谓语前面是主语，后面是宾语。

9. 将句子中不是谓语的动词 变成 不是动词 -> 非-谓语动词

   • v ing -> 主动

   • v ed -> 被动

   • to do -> 目的

10. 练习

11. 他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。

    He putting on his jacket, locking the door, lefthome.

12. 大熊猫是熊猫中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。

    Pandas are the rarest members in bear family, mainly living in the forest of Chinese South west.

13. 长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。

    Yangze River flowing through diverse ecological systems, keepsthe habitat of a sea of endangered species, irrigating Chinese 1/5 land.

    a sea of 大量的

    [!Important]

    所有的系动词都可以换成be 动词。

14. 我爱你，你爱我。 （ 独立主格 ）

    I love you. You love me.

    I love you, you loving me.

15. 冬天来了，春天就不远了。

    Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.

    be around corner 就在眼前，不远

16. 我是一个老师，我很喜欢唱歌。

    I being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs. - > 发现主语一致

    省略第一个 I ，因为第二个 I 构成了一个句子。

    Being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs. -> 分词 做 状语

    have passion for 对…有强烈的爱好

17. 动词能不能少

18. Your mother must be very beautiful. -> must 为 情态动词 后面要加 be

19. I amagainst you. -> against 是介词 反对

    [!Warning]

    绝对不能，当一句话需要动词而又没有动词时，永远都加be 动词，并且 be 动词没有意思。

20. 总结：

    [!Important]

    一句话当中，有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词和系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。

主语

1. 主语的成分

   名词，代词，非-谓语动词，从句（引导词+句子）

2. Handsome and strong are his nature(特点;特征). ❌ -> handsome 和 strong 都是 形容词不能做主语。

   handsome adj. -> n. handsomeness

   strong adj. -> n. strength

   • [x] Handsomeness and strength are his nature. -> 主系表 名词

   • [x] Being handsome and strong is his nature. -> 非-谓语动词

     [!Tip]

     当非-谓语动词做主语时，谓语动词用 单数。

3. 主语能不能少

4. 绝对不能

5. 如果没有主语：

   1. 加it 作为主语：必须与天气、温度、时间有关系。

      • 雨一直下。

        It kept raining.。

      • 机舱里很闷。 -> 机舱里感觉很闷。

        It feels exceedingly stuffy in the cabin.

   2. there be 句型，听到 ”有“ 的时候使用。

      • 有很多人喜欢我。

        There exist / seem / remain(有) a host of undergraduates(大学生) being fascinated with me.

        be fascinated with 被……迷住：对某事物感到极大的兴趣和吸引，无法自拔

   3. 🔺🔺🔺被动：当听到一句话没有主语或人称代词做主语时，都可以考虑写成 被动。

      • 必须指出坚持很重要。

        Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.

        crucial adj. 至关重要的，决定性的；<非正式>极好的

        outstandingly adv. 非常，极其；优异，极好地；格外地

      • 越来越多的人认为过度捕捞很严重。

        Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.`

        more than 非常 adv.

        an increasing amount of越来越多的

        fearful adj. 害怕的，担心的；可怕的；极坏的，极端的

      三种情况没有被动：

      • 动词后面有介词，无被动
      • 系动词没有被动
      • have 表达 “有” 意思是，无被动

   4. 人称代词做主语（I you we）：不到万不得已，最好不要使用。

6. 练习

7. 如果有梦想，就应该会成功。

   If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.

   glory n. 光荣，荣誉；（对上帝的）赞颂；壮丽，辉煌；值得称赞的事，引以为豪的成就；

                v. （因某事而）欣喜；自豪，得意
   

宾语

1. 宾语的成分

   名词，代词，非-谓语动词，从句

2. 女人爱美。

   Ladies love being beautiful.

   Ladies lovebeauty.

3. I exchange phone with my watch.

   [!Caution]

   exchange 是 及物动词后面必须加 宾语。

表语

1. 标语的成分

   名词，代词，非-谓语动词，从句，形容词，介词短语

4.简单句在写作中的使用

简单句的考点分析：

1. 写作

2. 所有写不来的长难句，暂时都先写成简单句。一定要保证语法正确！

   • 越来越多的大学生自杀，这个事实表明我们应该关注这个话题了。

     The evidence that are increasing number of undergraduates commit suicide indedicate that index that the problem should be cared about. -> 复合句

     More and more university students kill themselves, we should pay attention to the problem. -> 简单句

   • 站在讲台上的那个女生很好看。

     The lady who is standing on the stage is very beautiful. -> 定语从句

     There is a lady on the stage, she looks very beautiful. -> 简单句

3. 所有不会写的单词，都可以写成自己会的词汇。反正老师不知道我要表达什么意思 hhh~

4. 长难句分析

5. 分析长难句的第一步就是找这句话中的动词 也就是 谓语，从而找到 一句话的 主谓宾。

6. 如果一句话当中找到多个动词的，说明一个是主句，其它是从句,就确定主句的谓语动词（从句那个谓语动词前面一定有个引导词，前面没有引导词的那个动词就是主句的谓语动词）。

练习：

1. 这两天你心里很不爽。

   I feel upset these two days.

2. 全球在变暖。

   It is becoming warm throughout the world.

3. 妒忌本身就是一种仰望。

   Jealousness is a kind of worship.

   Jealousness n. 嫉妒；吃醋；猜忌

   worship v. 敬奉（神）；爱慕，崇拜 n. 敬神，拜神；崇拜，爱慕；<英> 阁下（对地位高的人的尊称）

4. 有意义就是好好活，好好活就是做有意义的事情。（出自许三多）

   Being meaningful proves to live well.

   Living well seems to do meaningful things.

5. 建议政府采取措施来缓解这个问题。 -> 被动

   Authorities should be suggested to take measures so as to relieve the problem.

6. 毫无疑问，溺爱孩子的问题越来越严重了。 -> 毫无疑问 -> 没有疑问 -> there be 否定

   There exits little doubt that the issue of spoiling children is becoming growingly severe.

7. 保护运动员是应该的。 -> 被动

   Athletes ought to be protected.

第二课 并列句

1.什么是并列句？

• 就是用连词连接两个句子。

2.常见的并列连词

• 平行：and，not only…but also…

• 逻辑关系词：

• 平行：similarly，equally，likewise，at the same time，in the menwhile

• 转折：but，yet，while，whereas

• 逻辑关系词：

• 转折：however，nevertheless，on the contrary，conversely，unexpedly，unfortunately，by contrast

• 选择：or，whether… or….

• 逻辑关系词：

• 选择：alternatively

• 因果：for，so

• 逻辑关系词：

• therefore，thus，consequently，as a result

• 递进：then

• 逻辑关系词

• besides，furthermore，moreover，additionally，subsequently，in addition

连词与副词、介词短语的区别：

• 使用连词的时候，连词前可以有逗号，也可以没有。
• 其它逻辑关系词的前面要么用句号，要么加连词and

3.并列句的考点分析

1. 写作

2. 只要写作的上下句之间有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关系词（连词、副词、介词、介词短语）。

   • 爱情早已不在了，他还停留在过去。

     Romance hasevaporated，but he still misses the past.

     Romance hasevaporated.On the contrary he still misses the past.

     Romance hasevaporated, and On the contrary he still misses the past.

     evaporated adj. 浓缩的；脱水的；蒸发干燥的 v. 蒸发；消失(evaporate 的过去式);失去水分

   • 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？

     There remain an army of companies coming from afar, andconsequently, I feel more than delighted.

     an army of一支军队：指庞大的军队，通常用来形容数量众多的人或物。

     company n. 公司；陪伴，同伴；宾客，来宾；在一起的一群人；连队；剧团，歌舞团

     consequently adv. 因此，结果

   • 都说我如水百变，可知我清澈不变。（百丽广告词）

     I am claimed changeable like water. By contrast , my clarity keeps consistent.

     changeable adj. 可改变的，可被改变的；变化无常的

     clarity n. 清晰易懂；思路清晰；（画面或声音的）清晰，清楚；清澈，明净

     consistentadj. 始终如一的，一贯的；持续的，连续的；固守的，坚持的；一致的，吻合的

   • 还记得那天吗？我没有通过四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，你走过来，拍拍我的肩膀，告诉我人生没有终点。

     Do you still keep that day in mind? I failed to pass CET4, and as a result I shed tears in the rain alone. At the same time, you came up to me and subsequently you beat my shoulder andtold me there exists no destination in life.

3. 完形填空

4. 只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句话的意思即可。

   • 读文章中心 每一段的首句和尾句
   • 四个选项有和文章关系靠的最近的一定是正确答案

5. 长难句分析

6. 在分析长难句的时候，只要见到有并列连词出现，通常都会有省略。

7. 第二步就是找连词。但是当连词在连接两个单词时，这个连词当作没看见。

8. 如何查找省略的内容呢？

9. 一句话只要有省略，就一定会省略在连词后，而不是连词前。

10. 所以连词后面有的成分，连词前面通常有。

11. 连词前面有，而连词后面没有的成分，便是省略的内容

12. 如果连词后只有一个成分的话，连此前一定能找到它的对应成分；如果连此后有多个成分的话，连词前不一定都能找到他们的对应成分，但至少能找到一个。

    • Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures(n.) of centralized control(定语) and hence the help(n.)of specialized scientists(定语) such as economists and operational rearch experts.

      省略了谓语require

      hence adv. 因此；之后

      speciallize in 专业是…;擅长是….;在….很专业

    • The data suggest, for example, that physically attracive individuals are more likelyto be treated well by their parnts, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically.

      pursued + 状语 = sought out + 状语 = treated + 状语

      省略了 are more likely

      seek out 寻找并找到

      副词只做状语。实义动词后面跟的都是状语。

    • There is no agreement whethermethodology refers to the concept s peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

      ___ or 介词 + n. + 定语

      省略了refers

      whether or无论是……还是……：用于表示两种可能性中的哪一种并不重要。

      methodology n. 方法论，一套方法

      refers to 指的是：表示对某事物的引用、提及或涉及

      in general通常，一般来说
      inquiry n. 询问，疑问；调查，审查； 探查，探询

      peculiar adj. 奇怪的，不寻常的；特别的，独特的；不舒服n.特殊教区（或教堂）；特权，特有财产

    • peculiar to …所特有的;…所专属的

      specialadj. 特殊的，特别的；格外看重的，特别要好的；专门的，特设的；特有的 n. 特色菜；特别节目；特价商品，折扣商品；特派员

      specificadj. 明确的，具体的；特定的；特有的，独特的；有特殊功能的，有特效的；（生物）种的；（关税，税）按数量（根据固定税率）征取而非按货价征取的；（物理）（与参照物同一性质成）比率的 n. 细节，详情；特效药

    • specific = concrete adj.具体的

      particularadj. 特定的，某一的；格外的，特别的；讲究的，挑剔的；特殊的，独特的；详细的，详尽的n. 一点，一个细节； 详细资料，详情（particulars）；（哲学）（与普遍性相对的）特殊性

    • particularly - > such as

    • Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

      代词指代替的做题方法

    • 就近原则

    • 一致原则

    • Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes(爱好) for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moralcharacter.

      be convinced that 认为

      moralcharacter 美育与品德;道德品质

    • As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, and their extendedfamily relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence (that information will be available)(同位语从句) when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

      trustworthy adj. 值得信赖的，可信的

第三课 名词（短语）和名词性从句

1.名词（短语）能做什么成分？

• 名词充当主语

• The movie looks terrific. -> 名词充当主语

• I admire his mother. -> 名词充当宾语

• Gump is a man. -> 名词充当标语

• I enjoy the part, the beginning. -> 名词充当同位语

  terrificadj. 极好的，了不起的；极大的，惊人的

补充同位语

• 同位语：写作满分句型

  用来解释名词的成分，就是同位语。

  I like Eason, a well-known singer from HongKang.

  I, a university student.

  My mother, a typlical housewife, enjoy playing Majong, a Chinese entertainment.

  只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的在它的后面加上同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。

  Persistence, an active mentality, plays a critical role in glories of all children and adults.

• 同位语的成分：

• 名词做 同位语

• 代词做 同位语

• 非-谓语动词做 同位语

  I enjoy the sports, running.

• 从句做 同位语

2.什么是名词性从句？

名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句。

• 从句

• What I saw looks terrific. -> 主语从句

• I admire what she said. -> 宾语从句

• Gump is who we should learn from -> 表语从句

• I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky. -> 同位语从句，不加 ,

3.名词性从句的引导词

先看几个句子：

• That he has got divorce is my fault.
• Whether has he get divorced is obvious.
• Who will he marry is a secret.

名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分类，一共将引导词分为三类。

1. that：当从句是陈述句时。并且 that 在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有意思。
2. whether / if：当从句是一般疑问句时。并且 weather 在从句中也不充当成分，意识是 是否。
3. 所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时。
4. 并且英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句的形式。也就是引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 的形式。

练习：

I am wondering whether aliens exist.

That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge.

My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese convention virtue. -> 表语从句

Someday, one will perceive that career,kinship,friendship prove more indispensable than romance. -> that 引导的宾语从句

The point seems when wealth will becomeavailable for you. -> when 引导的表语从句

virtue n. 高尚的道德，德行；美德，优秀品质；优点，长处；<古>（尤指妇女的）贞操；功效；

convention n. 习俗，惯例；大会，集会；公约，协定；（文学、艺术上的）传统手法，传统风格

kinship n. 亲属关系，家属关系；亲切感，亲近感；共同特征，共同起源

indispensable adj. 不可或缺的，必需的；不能撇开的，责无旁贷的

4.名词性从句的考点分析

写作

1.主语从句在写作中的应用

主语从句的满分句型：

把主语从句放在句末，用 it 做形式主语。

几个满分句型：

• It…that…
• It is apparent that…. -> 显而易见 众所周知
• It looks beyongd dispute that….-> 显而易见 众所周知
• It has been widely accepted that…-> 显而易见 众所周知
• It is universally acknowledged that….-> 显而易见 众所周知
• It keeps my argument that… - > I think that .. 我认为

主语从句的满分句型，可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面，用来拉长句子。

​ 练习

• 显而易见，关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注。

  It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the linelight.\

2.同位语从句在写作中的应用

先造几个句子：

• 他已经找到了一个女朋友，这件事情使他的家人很开心。

  The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced.

  The matter makes his superiors rejoiced that he managed to find a girlfriend.

  同位语从句既可放在它所解释的名词后，也可以放到整句话的后面。

• 没有什么能够掩盖他正在变老这个事实。

  Nothing can hide the truth that he is getting old.

• 河南人都是骗子这个想法是不对的。

  The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in HN seems all deceivers.

• 温室里的花朵不能经受风雨，这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子。

  The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms indicate that kids should by no means been spoiled by their senior citizens

rejoiced v. （使）高兴，开心（rejoice 的过去式和过去分词）

superioradj. （规模或实力）更大的，更强的，(在品质上)更好的；（尤用于广告中指产品或服务）高质量的，优质的；上级的，（在级别、重要性或职位上）更高的；有优越感的，高傲的，傲慢的；在其他器官之上的；

deceiversn．骗子，欺诈者：用欺骗手段行事的人。

senioradj. 年龄大些的；（用在家庭内姓名相同的人名后表示）老，年长的；老年人的；

长难句分析

能够识别各个名词性从句，并能把它们通顺的翻译出来。

什么是分析长难句？

上来以最快的速度找到一句话的主谓宾，定状同补，然后分部分来翻译

1. 如何识别主语从句

2. 只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句。

3. 主语从句从句首后开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束。

4. 除此以外，在分析长难句的时候，见到 it…that 通常是 主语从句，主语从句从 that 开始，到句末结束。

5. (Whether the Goverment should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa) often depends on the issue (of which is seen as the driving force).

   分析：depends on 是谓语，which is seen as the driving force 是定语修饰 issue 主句是 whether…or… 并列两个从句。

6. (How well the predictions will be validated by later performance) depends upon (the amount, reliability, and appropriateness) of the information used and ( 省略的 depends)on the (skill and wisdom) with which it is interpreted.

   validatedadj. 经过验证的 v. 确认（validate 的过去式及过去分词形式）；使生效

7. It is generally agreed that a person (of high intelligence) is one (who can grasp ideas readily (who can省略)make distinctions, (who can省略) reason logically, and (who can省略)make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems).

   distinctions n. 差别；区别；对比（distinction 的复数形式）

   verbal adj. 口头的，非书面的；用言辞的，文字的；动词的；多话的，爱说话的

   readilyadv. 轻而易举地，迅速地；乐意地，欣然地

8. For example, it has long been known (that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats,
   yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal).

   deprivation n. 贫困，匮乏，剥夺；免职（尤指圣职）

9. Furthermore, it is obvious (that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound upwiththe efficiency of (its agriculture and industry）, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientistsand technologists of all kinds).

10. 如何识别宾语从句？

    只要实义动词后面有引导词，就暂定为定语从句(状语从句还没有讲~，还有可能是状语从句)

11. She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.

    宾语从句中的that可以省略，并且所有的名词性从句中，只有宾语从句中的that能省略，但是在正式文体中不能省掉。

12. I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.

    宾语从句中的”是否“可以写成 if ，但是 if 只能引导宾语从句，而 whether 可以引导所有的名词性从句，所以建议在表示”是否”时永远写成 whether ，遗忘 if

13. This alone demonstrates that( the television business is not an easy world to survive in). A fact underlined by statistics shows that (out of eighty European television networks) no less than 50% tooka loss in 1989.
    仅这一点表明，电视行业不是一个容易生存的行业。由数据支持的事实表明，在欧洲80个电视网络中，至少有一半在1989年出现了亏损。

14. He believes that (this very difficulty) may have had the compensating advantage of forcing
    him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in
    reasoning and in his own observations.

    他相信，正是这个困难可能具有补偿性的优点，迫使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子，所以也能够使他发现推理和观察中的错误。

    intentlyadv. 专心地；一心一意地；心无旁骛地

    enablev. 使能够，使可能；激活，启动；准许，授权

    in doing sth 在…的过程中

    in reasoning 在推理的过程中

15. (You have all heard it repeated)(主谓宾宾补) that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract
    from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skills of their own,they build <br />up their theories.

    你多次听说过这些事情吧：科学工作者通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，而
    且从某种意义上说，他们通过这些操作设法从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，然后根据这些自
    状法训和白己的一此特珠技能，律立了自已的理论。

    deductionn. 演绎，推论；扣除，扣除额

    extractn. 选段，引文；提取物，汁 v. 提取，提炼；取出，拔出；摘录；索取，设法得到；开（方），求（根）

16. 如何识别表语从句？

    只要系动词的后面有个引导词，就是表语从句。

17. A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful
    most Americans were to them.、

    courteousadj. 有礼貌的，谦恭的

18. Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented
    telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the
    Earth.

    伽利略最伟大的成就是：1609年，他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空从而证明了行星是绕着太阳而不是绕着地球转的（定语全部提前翻译）人

    telescopen. 望远镜；射电望远镜，无线电望远镜v. 叠套缩短，叠缩；缩短，精简；使（车辆）相撞而嵌进；压缩

    heaven n. 天堂，天国；<非正式>极乐之地，极乐；<文>天空；神，诸神；与上帝同享永福

    revolvev.（使）旋转；围绕……旋转（revolve around）；以……为最重要内容，以……为中心（revolve around）；反复思考，反复斟酌；循环出现

19. Women are much too preoccupied by family.Once the marriage begins to disintegrate,they
    are lost.That is where their unhappiness spring from and that iswhy most divorced mothers regard
    themselves as victims.

    preoccupiedadj. 全神贯注的，心事重重的；被先占的v. 使全神贯注，占据（某人的思想）；提前占据（preoccupy 的过去式和过去分词形式）网络

    disintegratev. 崩溃，瓦解；破裂，粉碎；蜕变，衰变

    divorcedadj. 离婚的；脱离……的，分离的v. 与（某人）离婚；将……分离；疏远

    victimn. 受害者，罹难者；（面对不幸事件或虐待时的）无助者，患病者；牺牲品，祭品；受骗者

20. 如何识别同位语从句？

    只要名词的后面有引导词就暂定为同位语(更可能是定语从句~)

21. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

22. A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that (dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears).

    formulatev. 制定，规划；确切表达，认真阐述；用公式表示

    disguisev. 假扮，伪装；掩饰，隐瞒 n. 伪装物，伪装

    revolutionaryadj. 革命的；革命性的，突破性的 n. 革命者，革命家

23. But the idea that the journalist r must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

    rests on依赖于，依靠于

    conventionn. 习俗，惯例；大会，集会；公约，协定；（文学、艺术上的）传统手法，传统风格

24. Evidence came up (that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old).

    that 引导的同位语从句 后置 代表 evidence 的意思。

第四课 定语和定语从句

1.什么是定语？

只要听到…的+名词，…的就是修饰这个名词（定语）的定语成分。

2.定语的成分

1. 形容词作定语

2. 那只善良的夜莺最后死了。

   The innocent nightgale died.

3. 那只善良和勇敢的夜莺死了。

   The nightgale brave and innocent died.

4. 名词作定语

5. 夜莺的歌声能使玫瑰绽放。

   The singing of the nightgale can make the rose bloom.

6. 介词短语作定语

7. 窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹。

8. The nightgale out of the window heard the sighs of the younger.

9. 非-谓语动词作定语

10. 那只唱歌的夜莺失去了它的生命。

    The singing nightgale lost his life.

11. 从句作定语

12. 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。

    The rose which/that the nightgale exchanged with his life was discarded.

    discarded adj. 丢弃的；废弃的 v. 丢弃（discard 的过去分词）

3.定语的位置

前小后大：

• 当一个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前。
• 当多个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词后。

练习：

1. 这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事

   This is a fiction about a night and a rose.(介词短语作定语)

2. 那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。

   The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.

3. 被拒绝的那个男生看起来很可怜。

   The rejected boy looks pityful.

   The boy rejected looks pityful. -> 当过去分词修饰名词的时候，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后。

4. 我有一些重要的事情告诉你。

   I have something important to tell you. -> 形容词修饰不定代词，后置。

4.定语从句

1. 定语从句的构成

   n.(先行词) + (引导词 + 句子) -> 从句

2. 定语从句的引导词

   定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分类，一共有 五类。（缩小了选择范围）

3. 人：who whom whose that

4. 物：that which whose

5. 时间：that which when

6. 地点：that which where

7. 原因：that which why

8. 谁决定引导词的用法

   先看几个例子：

9. I will never forget the day when I met you.

   that 关系代词！when 副词

10. I will never forget the day that we spent.

11. You had better have some reason why you are late.

12. 先行词

13. 引导词在从句中充当的成分

14. 定语从句引导词的分类新标准

    引导词可以按照引导词本身的词性分类：三类

15. 代词（充当主语或宾语）：who whom that which

16. 副词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）：where why when

17. 形容词（在从句中修饰离它最近的名词）：whose

18. 练习

19. 这些圆顶的建筑物看起来很漂亮。

    Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.

20. 成功属于有梦想的人，已经被无数个事实所证明了。同位语

    It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those with dreams.

21. 穿自己的鞋不仅方便，而且还确保了一点，不用去管别人的感受。

    (Wearing my own shoes) proves not only convenient,but also ensures a point (that the feelings of others can be ignore). -> 同位语从句

22. 问题关键的是，谁应该为道德沦丧负责呢？ 主系表结构 who 引导的表语从句

    The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.

    ethicsn. 行为准则，道德原则；伦理学，道德学

23. 外表看起来非常邋遢的他，其实内心很高尚。 定语从句

    He whose apearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.

    nobleadj. 崇高的，高尚的；宏伟的，卓越的；贵族的，高贵的；惰性的

    indecentadj. 下流的；不礼貌的；不得体的

24. 那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。

    It seems indispensible that those (who spare no efforts to realize their dreams)(定语从句) never feel pityful although glories fail to be achieved.

    spare no efforts 不遗余力，竭尽全力

    indispensible 不可或缺

25. 上课不集中精力，而又想通过考试的人，往往会发现结果差强人意。

    Students (who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly) tend to find (that the consequence proves less impressive).

5.定语从句特殊用法

1. that 在引导定语从句的时候，如果在从句中充当的是宾语，that 可以省略。

2. 我喜欢我妈妈给我买的这本书。

   I enjoy the book (that) my mother bought for me.

   在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有两个名词或者是代词，直接放在一起，中间没有被连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是 that 省略的定语从句。

3. 区别限制和非限制性定语从句

4. I love Liuxiaoyan, who is very beautiful. -> 我爱刘晓燕，她很漂亮

5. I love Liuxiaoyan who is very beautiful. -> 我爱漂亮的刘晓燕。

   在分析长难句的时候，非限制定语从句相当于插入语，可以完全不看。

   非限制性定语从句的翻译方法

   此处的翻译方法只是针对考研翻译这个题目而言，因为阅读中的非限制性定语从句，一
   般视为插入语，可以跳过不看。

   如果修饰前面的名词，常常翻译成两个独立的句子。如：

6. Edison,whose inventions have been over 2,000,is a famous scientist.
   爱迪生是一个伟大的科学家，他的发明超过了两千项。

7. Above the trees are the mountains,whose magnificence faithfully reflects on the surface o f
   the river.
   树林的上方是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。

8. These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
   这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。

9. 如果先行词和引导词之间有介词时，人 不用 who 只能用 whom，物 不用 that 只能用 which

10. 马云是我们值得学习的一个人。

    He is a man whom/who we should learn from.

    He is a man from whom we should learn from.

11. 我永远忘不了遇见你的那天。

    I will never forget the day when I met you.

    I will never forget the day on which I met you.

12. 区别 the same…as ; the same … that 引导的宾语从句

13. He is the same man as I love.

14. He is the same man that I love.

    as 翻译成 像，that 翻译成 是

15. as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句

    which 引导的非限制性定语从句，可以修饰整个句子，as 也可以，但是 which 只能放在主句的后面，而 as 可前可后。

16. 他喜欢和年轻的女人说话。

    He enjoys talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.

    As drives me mad, he enjoys talking with young ladies.

17. 定语从句中引导词 which 和 that 的区别

    P108

6.区别同位语从句和定语从句

• I have a dream that sounds funny.(定从)

• I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.(同位从)

• 相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子

• 不同点：

• 看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词意思的解释

• 看引导词 that 在从句中是否充当了成分，如果充当了成分就是定语从句，如果没有就是同位语从句

• 定语从句的先行词可以是所有的名词，同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词

• 定语从句的引导词总共有 8 个，同位语从句一般都是 that

7.定语从句的至难点

[!Important]

寻找先行词

如何寻找先行词？

• 定语从句的先行词是它前面最近的那个名词。

  When someone abandons you,he is the one who should get loss because for him,he loses
  (someone) who loves him but for you,you lose someone who does not love you.

  当有人抛弃你的时候，应该是那个人感到很失落。因为对他来说，他失去
  了一个爱他的人，而你只是失去了一个不爱你的人。

• 定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个并列名词。

  For workers it can mean an end to (the security,benefits and sense of importance )that
  came from being a loyal employee.

  对于工人来说，它可能意味着作为一名忠实员工的安全、利益和重要感的结束。

• 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。

  (The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of
  thought),which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

  希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。

• 定语的先行词是它前面的整个句子。

  (My husband enjoys talking with other young ladies),which really gets me go mad.
  我老公喜欢和其他年轻的女人聊天，这真的快让我发疯了。

• 定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了。

  As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard
  ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive-there exists no (language or dialect) in the
  worldthat cannot convey complex ideas.

  作为一名语言学家，他认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达能力
  世上就没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。

8.定语从句考点分析

写作

只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的加一个定语成分。

• Pets (which look cute as well as healthy) can reduce loneliness (of senior citizens without any children (who can take care of them )).
• 读书的能够增长知识。
  Reading books (which keep beneficial to our physical and mental health) can add knowledge (of all children and adults).

which/who look adj. as well as adj.

n. such as __ __ __

英汉差异对比

1. 汉语：意合 英语：形合

   A：句子结构上

   B：逻辑关系词的使用上

2. 汉语多主动，英语多被动

3. 在过去的几十年里，政府采取各种措施来预防灾害的发生。

   I the past decades, a variety of actions wew adopted by authorities to prevent disasters.

4. 汉语多短句，英语多长句。

5. 乌镇是浙江的一个水镇，它位于京杭大运河。

   Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province.

   It locates near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.

6. 我昨天去打球了，我在操场上遇到了一个女人，她的女儿正在跑步。

   I went to play football yesterday, encounting a lady on the playground whose daughter was running.

   When I played football yesterday, I came accross a lady on the playground whose daughter was running.

7. 人们会在门上粘贴春联，春联的主题有健康，发财和好运。

   Doors will be decorated by spring couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.

   方法：1. 非-谓语动词

   ​ Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province, locating near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.

   ​ 2. + 连词

​ Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province and locates near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.

​ 3. 从句

​ Wuzhen which locates near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou is a water town in ZJ province.

长难句分析

能够找到一句话当中的定语成分，并且把它们通顺地翻译出来。

1. 如何找到定语呢？

   关键是找名词 n. + 定语 / 插入语 / 状语 / 谓语

2. 只要名词后面有东西，并且东西不是动词，就有可能是定语(状语)。定语从名词后开始，到主句的谓语动词前结束。

   • Creating a “European identity”(that respects the different cultures and traditions /(定语1) which go to
     make up the connecting fabric/(定语2) of the Old Continent/(定语3) ) is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

3. 如果定语在主句的谓语动词之后，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束。

   • In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups (which
     bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses /(定语1) that work in relation to one another /(定语2)).

4. 一个大定语中，通常会有无数个小定语。只要定语的最后一个词是名词，可以继续加定语

   每一个小定语，都是到下一个名词后结束。— 但是固定搭配除外。

   • Some of these causes are completely reasonable results (of social needs).Others are reasonable consequences (of particular advances /(定语1) in science /(定语2) being to some extent self-accelerating/(定语3))

   • After six months of ( arguing ) and final 16 hours (of hot parliamentary debates ), Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority ( in the world /(定语1) to allow doctors to take the lives /(定语2) of incurably ill patients /(定语3) who wish to die /(定语4) ).
     incurably adv. 治不好地；不能矫正地

     authority n. 专家，权威人士；行政管理机构；权利，权限；权威，威信；许可，授权；当局，官方

5. 如果定语就在主句的谓语动词之后的话，定语不再是到主句谓语动词之前结束，通常到句末结束。

   如果定语后有连词的话，定语不再是到句末结束，而是到连词前结束。

   • Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends , therefore,upon the evidence ( from experience concerning comparative validity ) and upon such factors (as costs and availability ).

     validityn. （法律上的）有效，合法，认可；真实性，正确性

     comparative n. （形容词或副词的）比较级；对手 adj. 比较的，相比的；相对的，比较而言的；（形容词或副词）比较级的

     availability n. 可用性，可得性；空闲，闲暇；未婚，单身

第五课 状语和状语从句

1.状语的含义

状语就是在一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。

状语在一句话中除了名词不能修饰，什么成分都可以修饰。

2.状语的成分

1. 副词 adv.
2. 介词短语
3. She cried saddly (like a boy losing his toy).
4. 非-谓语动词
5. She cried, setting there.
6. 从句做状语
7. She cried when she sat there.
8. 分词、不定式
9. He leaves, crying.

3.状语的位置

状语的位置极其灵活，可以随意放置在句中。

4.状语从句

状语从句的引导词，按照引导词的意思分类，一共将引导词分为九类

1. 时间状语从句

2. 引导词

   • when = while = as

     当 while 翻译成"当…什么时候"的时候，后面跟进行时态。

   • before

   • after

   • since

     此处的since翻译为自从，只要一句话带自从，主句用完成时。

     I have fallen in love with you since I met you.

   • the moment = as soon as

   • by the time 到….为止

   • until 直到..才

   • not …. until

3. 状语从句的时态问题

   • 当爱来临时，我将牵起她的手。

     When love comes, I will hold her hands.

   • 当爱来临的时候，我没有牵到她的手

     When love came, I faied to hold her hands.

     [!Tip]

     在所有的状语从句中，如果主句的动作和从句的动作都尚未发生的话，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。

   • 区别 until 和 not…until

     • I will wait here until you come. 我会一直等，直到你来。

     • I will not leave until you come. 直到你来，我才会离开。

       [!Important]

       区别：看主句的谓语动词时延续性动词还是瞬间动词，如果是延续性动词就用until, 如果是瞬间动词，就用 not…until.

     • 直到我长大，才意识到母亲的伟大。

       I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up.

   • when引导的时间状语从句省略的情况

     • 当我是一个小孩子的时候，我喜欢唱歌。

       When I was a kid, I enjoy singing songs.

       When a kid, I enjoy singing songs. -> 省略

       [!Important]

       When 引导的时间状语从句，如果从句的主语和从句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语动词有be动词，此时，从句的主句和be动词可以同时省略。

4. 地点状语从句

5. 常用引导词：

   • where

     • 这种树在潮湿的地方生长的很好。

       The kind of trees grow well (in the moist places)(=where 介词短语).

       The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.

     [!Warning]

     做地点状语的通常都是介词短语，很少是从句。

6. 原因状语从句

7. 引导词

   • because, as
   • since, in that
   • seeig that
   • considering that
   • now that
   • given that

8. 连词

   • for -> 连词

   3) 介词短语 + n. / doing

   • because of

   • due to

   • owing to

   • thanks to

   • for the sake of

   • as a result of

   4) 练习

   • 因为他粗心，他出了一场事故。

     He had a car accident because he was careless.

     He had a car accident for he was careless. -> 连词只能放在两句话中间

     He had a car accident because of his carelessness.

9. 目的状语从句

10. 常见 + 动词原形

    • to
    • in order to
    • so as to

11. 引导词

    • so that -> 表示目的，通常放在句末，不放在句首。
    • in order that

12. 练习

    • 为了看的更远，我们爬得更高。

      We will climb/asscend higher in order to overlook farther/further. -> farther 表示距离,further 表示程度。

      We climb higher in order that we overlook farther.

13. 结果状语从句

14. 引导词

    • so…that -> 如此…以至于

      • so + adj. / adv.

      • 今天是如此热，以至于我都穿上裙子了。

        It fell so hot today that I wear my dress.

      • 我妈妈是如此善良,以至于被同事尊重。

        My mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her collegues.

      [!Tip]

      so…that 常替换 very + adj. / adv.

      作文中遇到形容词或者副词的地方，都可以换成so…that句型。

    • such….that

      • such + n.

      • 你是这样一个人，我们都不喜欢你。

        You are such a person that all of as fail to love you.

15. 让步状语从句

16. 引导词 -> 意思都是虽然…尽管

    • although

    • though

    • even though

    • even if

    • as -> as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首，构成部分倒装

      • 虽然我很丑，但我温柔。

        As I seem ugly, I keep gentle.

        Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle.

      • 虽然这个图标看起来很简单，它却向我们传达了一个深刻的观点——国人越来越支持国货了。

        Simple as chart looks, the outlook behind proves far-reaching——national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.

      [!caution]

      but是一个并列连词，as引导的是一个从句，I keep gentle 是主句，连词不能连接从句和主句，连词前后的成分要一致。

      “虽然"暗含"但是"的意思，后面就不用但是，否则语意重复。

    • while -> 翻译成虽然尽管的意思讲，只能放在句首，不能放在句中。

      • 但是，放在句中
      • 当…的时候，后面跟进行时态

17. 造句练习

    • 养宠物能培养孩子的爱心, 虽然宠物会对家人和邻居造成伤害。

      Raising pets can cultivate the loving heart of kids although they might be injurious to their families or neighbors.

18. 方式状语从句

19. 引导词 + 句子 -> 好像，似乎

    • as
    • the way
    • as if / though

20. 介词 / 介词短语

    • by / throw
    • in …. way / manner
    • by means of

21. 造句练习

    • 她看起来就好像是冰做的一样

      She looks as if she were(虚拟语气) made of ice.

    • 她和我说话就好像和我妈一样

      She talks with me as if she were my mother.

22. 条件状语从句

23. 引导词 -> 假如

    • suppose that
    • supposing that
    • if
    • unless
    • provided that
    • as long as
    • so long as

24. 造句练习

    • 只要有一丝希望，我也不会放弃。

      As long as there seems a ghost of hope, I will never give up.

25. 比较状语从句

26. 引导词

    • as… as…
    • 比较结构
    • than

27. 造句练习

    • 你看起来像我一样漂亮.

      You are as beautiful as I am beautiful. -> as 是引导词，后面要跟句子。

    • 你比我漂亮。

      You are more beautiful than I am beautiful.

5.考点分析——写作

写作

作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语把句子拉长。

练习

• 你可以像猪一样生活，但是你永远不会像猪一样快乐。

  One can live as if he were a pig.Conversely, he can never be as delighted as a pig.

长难句分析

能够快速识别状语，并且能通顺地把它翻译出来。

那如何识别状语呢？

一句话中除了句子主干和定语以外，其它部分都可以认为是状语。

只要在句子中见到以下的一些东西，就一定是状语！

1. 副词
2. 比较
3. 条件
4. 结果
5. 原因
6. 让步
7. 目的
8. 方式
9. 伴随 一般都是介词 with

[!Tip]

如果时间跟在实义动词后面，一定是状语！

[!Caution]

如果见到 n. + 时间/地点，需要区别是定语还是状语。

• I love a boy in ZheJiang University.

[!Tip]

如果无法确实定语还是状语的时候，定语优先原则。

只有翻译成定语，巨恶心无比的时候，才翻译成状语！

练习

1. The Greeks assumed that {the structure (of language) had some connection with the process (of thought),{which took root [in Europe] [long before people realized how diverse languages could be}}.

   希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。

2. Social science is that branch (of intellectual enquiry /(定语1) which seeks to study humans and their endeavors /(定语2) in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner {that natural scientists
   use for the study of natural phenomena}

   社会科学是知识研究的一个分支，这个分支（重复先行词，定语后置）试图以同样理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类和人类的行为（翻译时状语提前），自然科学家也是用这种方式来研究自然现象的（定语较长，仍然后置)。

​ intellectual adj.智力的，理智的；才智超群的；需智力的；思想的，思维的; n.知识分子

​ endeavor n.努力；尽力（等于 endeavour）vi. vt.

​ phenomenan.现象（phenomenon 的复数）

​ dispassioned adj.冷静的；冷漠的

​ enquiry n.询问，查问；官方调查；问讯处

1. The (behavioral )sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

   （由于原因状语较长，所以直接翻译成“之所以…是因为…”）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是一些解释通常能直接被观察到，部分原因是其他种类的解释很难被发现。

2. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve (of lawyers),rather than a necessary part (of the intellectual equipment/(定1) of an educated person/(定2)).

   从传统上讲，在这些学院中（状语前置）法律的学习被认为是律师所特有的活动，而不是受教育者知识储备的必要部分。

​ preserve v.保护，维护；保持，维持；腌制，保存（食物）；禁止他人捕猎 n. 果酱，腌菜；（某人或某个 团体的）专属领域，独有活动；动物保护区，外人禁入的猎地

1. While it is easy to ignore [in our contact with them] the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy (省略了 to ignore……)as in dealing with adults.

   [!Tip]

   从句和动词不定式充当主语，通常都把他们放到句末去，加 It 做形式主语。

   虽然在和年轻人接触的时候（状语前置）很容易忽略我们的行为对他们性情的影响，但是在和成年人相处的时候（状语前置），我们却很难忽略这种影响。

​ disposition n.性情，性格；倾向，癖性；易患某病的倾向；赠与，转让；排列，布置；支配权，处置权；

6.比较结构的特殊用法

1. as 专题

   as 意思总结

2. as + n. 作为

3. v + … + as 此时 as 意思取决于前面 v. 的意思

4. as + 句子 as意思有：当…的时候，因为，虽然尽管，好像似乎，比较急 -> 引导状语从句 / 定语从句(很少)

   练习：

5. As a logical consequence (of this development), separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

   作为这种发展的合理结果，不同的期刊现在都主要针对专业的或业余的读者。

   appeared ~ seem look ~ be

   either or 无论是A还是B

6. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, (a quality to be admired and fixed
   in the mind of the young)(同位语), is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.

   结果，在美国（状语前置），作为一种健康的冲动，一种应该被年轻人尊重并且扎根于他们思想的高贵品质，雄心壮志所得到的支持或许比以往任何时期都低。

   impulsen.冲动；脉冲；推动力 adj.一时兴起的，随兴的 v.推动

7. I shall define him as an individual (who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底的)way about moral problems).

   我要把他定义成一个选择以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为其生命中主要职责和乐趣的人。

   moraladj.有关道德的；基于道德的，道义上的；品行端正的，有道德的；伦理的；能辨别是非的 n. 道德准则（标准）；寓意，道德上的教训

8. Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole (which includes belief,art,morals,law, custom,and any other capabilities and habits /(定1) acquired by man/(定2) as a member of society/(定3).“)

   泰勒把文化定义成“…一个复杂的整体，它（代词替代先行词，定语后置)包括了作为社会一员的人所获得的信念、艺术、道德、法律、传统和任何其他的能力和习惯”

9. As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set (of cultural signals,assumptions, and conventions) underlies all social interrelationships.

   就如同在任何发达国家一样，在美国，一系列复杂的文化信号、设想和传统组成了所有社会关系的基础。

   shortlist 最终候选人名单；

   ballot paper 选票
   draw up 起草，制定 ；alphabetically 按照字母顺序排列

   plough through 费力阅读

10. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.

    对于其他听众，你千万不要试图贸然去使用这种幽默，因为他们会反感一个外人对他们的餐厅或总裁发表蔑视性的评论。(as翻译成“因为”。)

    resent v.怨恨，憎恶

    disparaging adj.诋毁的，轻蔑的 v.贬低，诋毁，轻视（disparage 的现在分词）

11. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.

    就像过去那样，将来新的思维方式和新的思维主题一定会出现，从而出现关于优雅的新的标准。（as翻译成“像…一样”。)

    as well as 和，以及，还有：用于连接两个或更多的事物，表示它们都是同等重要的或同样存在的

12. than 专题

13. not so much as = not even 甚至不 / 没有

    He cannot so much as spell a word. 他甚至不会拼写一个单词。

    He did not so much as ask me to sit down. 他甚至没有要求你坐下。

14. not so much A as B 与其说A倒不如说B

    He is not so much a teacher as a poet. 与其说他是老师倒不如说是一个诗人。

15. more A than B 与其说B不如说A

    He is more poet than a teacher. 与其说他是老师倒不如说是一个诗人。

16. more than...

    • 后加名词 -> 不仅仅是
    • 后加形容词 / 副词 -> 非常
    • 后加数词 -> 多于

句子成分大总结

句子所有成分：

• 主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语
• 修饰成分：同位语、定语、状语

总结：

主：n. 、代词、非谓语(动名词)、从句

谓：实义动词、系动词

宾：n. 、代词、非谓语、从句

表：n. 、代词、非谓语、从句、adj. 、介词短语

同：n. 、代词、非谓语、从句

定：n. 、代词、非谓语、从句、adj. 、介词短语

状：adv. 、非谓语、从句、介词短语、

总有一些人在某一步走得快，在某一步走得慢。

举例：

1. 我妈妈是一个美丽的女人。

   My mother is a an elegant lady.

   My mother is a lady of elegance.

   My mother is a lady as elegant as a lily.

   My mother is a lady looking as elegant as a lily.

   My mother is a lady who looks as elegant as a lily.

   elegant adj. （人）高雅的，举止优雅的；精美的，雅致的；简练的，巧妙的

2. 她杀死了她的老公。

   She killed her husband with a sharp knife.

   She, applying a sharp knife, killed her husband.

   When she applied a sharpe knife, she killed his husband.

   She killed his hisband cruelly.

3. 我遇见你，是我的荣幸。

   (That I met you) is my honor.

   Meeting you is my honor.

4. 我的梦想是通过这次考试。

   My dream is to pass the examination of postgraduates.

   My dream is that I pass the examination of postgraduates.

英语长难句的模样

( 状语 )， 主( 定/同/状 ) 谓 宾( 定/同/状 ).

练习

1. 英语很重要。

   English ( a universal language through out the world ) is vital ( although it is hard to recite these words ).

2. 我要给你推荐一下旅游景点。

   I ( , an undergraduate student in this university, ) will recommend you a tourist attraction ( which keeps popular with Chinese travelers ).

综合练习

1. 教师节就要来了，我借这次机会向给了我帮助的老师表达了感谢。

   Teacher's Day approaching, I express my sincere appreciation to teachers who have given me assistance by this chance.

2. 生命很短暂这个事实，已经被人们普遍的接受了。

   The truth have been accepted by the mass that life becomes so short that every day should be valued.

3. 上课不集中精力而又希望通过考试的学生，往往会发现结果不尽人意。

   Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations perceive that the consequence proves less impressive.

   impressive adj.给人印象深刻的，令人钦佩的

4. 为了实现我的梦想，我一直在思考该不该和男朋友分手

   I, in order to come true my dream, am considerate weather I should depart with boyfriend.

5. 在有学校的地方，司机应该缓行。

   Where there exists a shool, drivers should go slowly.

特殊结构

强调句型

构成

It is …. that / who …

[!Caution]

is / was 过去式was 其它都是is

• 我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人

  I met my old flame in the street yesterday.

• 就是我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人

​ It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.

​ It was my old flame that I met in the street yesterday.

​ It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.

[!Tip]

强调谁，就将强调的内容套入 It is … that …

[!Important]

强调句型可以强调句子里所有成分，唯一不能强调谓语。

练习

• 为了实现我的梦想，我一直在思考该不该和男朋友分手。

  It is to realize my dream that I am considerate weather I should apart with my boyfriend.

• 有很多的原因可以解释这种现象。

  There remain abundant elements to account for the issue.

  It is there that remain abundant elements to account for the issue.

  It is abundant elements that there remain to account for the issue.

  It is to account for the issue that there remain abundant elements.

写作

写作中所有的句子都可以写成强调句。

练习：

• 你至今仍然没有意识到就是因为你交友不慎，你才没有考上心目中理想的大学。

  So far, you had never realized that because you have unfavorable friends, you failed to go to your dreamful university.

  So far, you had never realized that It was because you have unfavorable friends that you failed to go your dreamful university.

• 就是在我的女儿出生以后，我才意识到母亲的伟大。

  It was afer my daughter was born that I realized the greatness of mothers.

长难句分析

去掉 It is … that … ，还原为句子原来样子再翻译

练习：

1. But it is the arrival (of new satellite channels-(funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers'subscriptions-)(插入语)that)(定语) will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

   但是，从长期来看，新的卫星频道的到来部分资金源于广告，部分资金源于用户的订金将会带来最大的变化。

2. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering (at the mercy of flood and drought) that makes the idea (of forcing the waters to do our bidding) so fascinating.

   或许就是人类长期遭受洪水和干旱的磨难使得人类对治理江河，使其听从调遣如此痴迷。

   at the mercy of 受制于，无法控制

   do one's bidding听从某人的命令或请求：遵从某人的意愿或命令。

[!Caution]

强调句和主语从句区别：

强调句去掉结构，句子依然成立。主语从句反之。

倒装

1. 什么是倒装

   倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话加个助动词或把be动词放在句首。

   Do you love me ?

   Have you ever been to Europe?

   Is your father a teacher?

2. 倒装的具体使用

3. 否定词放在句首用倒装

   I can hardly speak Japanese. -> Hardly can I speak Japanese.

   I by no means love you. -> By no means do I love you.

   Playing phones not only influences the physical and mental health of yongsters,but also wastes their precious time.

   Not only does playing phones influence the physical and mental health of yongsters, but also wastes their precious time.

   [!Caution]

   把not … only .. 提前，第一句话写成一般疑问句，后面一律不要动

   Under no circumstances can we keep a blink eye to the issue of environmental protection.

4. so, nor / neither 位于句首，表明承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装

   I can cook. So can I.

   I can not cook. Nor can I.

5. so … that … 结构的句子将 so 引导的部分置于句首时用倒装。

   I feel so rejoiced that I lose my sleep for the whole night.

   So rejoiced do I feel that I lose my sleep for the whole night.

   rejoice v.（使）高兴，开心

6. only 引导的状语位于句首时用倒装

   His girlfriend called his name only once.
   -> Only once did his girlfriend call his name

   My dearest mother always lives only in my deep heart.
   -> Only in my deep heart does my dearest mother always live.

   You will call your mother only when you need living expenses
   -> Only when you need living expenses will you call your mother.

   When romance comes, I will hold her hands.

   -> Only when romance comes will I hold her hands.

7. as 引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装

8. 省略 if 的虚拟语气用倒装

9. 倒装的考点分析

10. 写作

    • 文化交流不但能促进我们国家经济的发展，而且还能开阔个人的眼界。

      Not only can the cultural exchange promote economic development but also make our eye sight broad.

    • 我累得浑身都没有劲了。

      I am so exhausted that I have no energy throught.

      -> So exhauster am I that I have no energy throught.

11. 长难句分析

    还原倒装部分后再做翻译

    1. Television is one of the means (by which these feelings are created and conveyed)-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.
       寻找倒装之处：never before has it served so much。否定词放在句首用倒装，倒装还原后应该是it has never before served so much,于是在此处就翻译为“或许它以前从来没有提供过如此多的服务”。

    2. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was
       this effect considered as a directive factor (in the conduct (of the institution)).

       这种机构的副作用是逐渐被注意到的，并且在这种机构的活动中，这种影响也逐渐被认为是具有指导性的因素。

    3. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell (how able an underprivileged youngster might have been) had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

       had he grown up under more favorable circumstances是省略了if的虚拟语气，还原后就是if he had grown..

       compensate v.赔偿，偿付；弥补，补偿；抵消；酬报（某人）

       underprivileged adj.贫困的，社会地位低下的，弱势的 n.弱势群体，贫困阶层（the underprivileged）

       gross adj.总的，毛的；严重的，极端的；粗鲁的 adv.总共，全部 v.总共赚得

       例如，它们并不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此说明不了如果在较好的环境下成长，一个物质条件差的年轻人会有多大的才干。

虚拟语气

什么是虚拟语气？

虚拟语气表示与现实相反或者是语气委婉。

虚拟语气的一般用法

if 引导的条件状语从句

• 如果你是我眼中的一滴泪，我就永远不会哭泣。

  If you are a teer in my eyes, I will never shed it.

  -> If you were a teer in my eyes, I will never shed it.

• 如果昨天晚上我是一条狗，我就能够和你们睡在一起

  If I was a dog yesterday evening, I could sleep with you.

  -> If I had been a dog yesterday evening, I could have sleptwith you.

  could 是情态动词，没有时态 后面 + v.

  一般过去式都有时间点，现在完成时没有

那如何把一个正常的条件状语从句变成虚拟语气呢？

[!Tip]

• 只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变成它的过去式就ok了！
• 在虚拟语气中，be动词的过去式只有 were 没有 was
• 在虚拟语气中，could = would = might

• 如果下辈子我还记得你，我们死都要在一起。

  If I remembered you in my next life, we would never separate with each other.

  if I remembered you … -> did you remembered you …

• 如果你当初听我的，你就能够顺利通过考试。

  If you had obeyed my instruction at the beginning, you could have passed the examination.

  if you had obeyed my instruction… -> had you obeyed my instruction… 倒装

• 如果每一个公民都养宠物，我们的环境将会受到很大的破坏

  If every citizen raised a pet in his family, the environment would be destoryed.

​ 省略if的虚拟语气倒装

虚拟语气的特殊用法

1. 以下情况从句用 “should + v.” 表示虚拟，并且 should 可以省略。

   以防 in case、lest、for fear that

   命令 order、direct、command

   建议 advise、suggest、propose

   要求 ask、request、demand、require

   必要的 It is necessary / important that ...

2. 以防你会传染上生病，你最好呆在家里。

   In case that you should develop fatal infections, you had better stay at home.

3. 参加更多的活动来展示自己很重要。

   It seems crucial that more activities should be attended to show myself.

4. 以下情况从句用一般过去式表示虚拟

   常见的有两个：would rather 和 It is high time that ...

5. 现在是时候培养孩子的独立性

   It is high time that the independance of kids should were cultivated by senior citizens.

6. 以下情况要区别对待：

   就是把它本来的时态写成它的过去式就ok

   常见的词有：wish; if only(如果……就好了); but for(要不是); or / otherwise; as if / as though 等

7. 如果我是你的女儿就好了。

   If only I were your child.

   -> If only I had been your child.

8. 虚拟语气的倒装

   if 引导虚拟条件句时，如果从句中有 were / had / should 可以省略 if ，用倒装方式 “were / had /should + 主语”

虚拟语气的考点分析

1. 写作

2. 对于普通市民来说，保护小区环境，不乱丢垃圾时非常必要的。

   It is necessary that the community environment should be protected and rubbish should be never dumped for the common.

3. 长难句分析

   [!Tip]

   无论句子有没有使用虚拟语气，都可以直接翻译。

4. If that happened, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.

   这种情况一旦发生，激动的消费者会尽力说服他人抵制产品，从而使目标企业的声誉处于危险境地。

   passionate adj.热诚的，狂热的；热恋的，情意绵绵的；易怒的
   boycott v.抵制，拒绝参加 n.抵制行动

5. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all
   practical value by the time they were finished.

   倒装：had they been done by hand -> if they had been done by hand

   如果用手工进行所涉及的数百万次运算，等到完成时，恐怕早就失去所有的实用价值了。

6. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just
   as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.

   随着其他国家日益富裕，（美国的)这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。同样不可避免的是，从优势地位上退出也证明是痛苦不堪的。

   inevitable adj.必然发生的，不可避免的；总会发生的，惯常的 n.必然发生的事，不可避免的事

   primacy n.第一位，首位；（心理）首因，首位

   narrowed adj.有限的；狭隘的

   predominance n.（数量的）优势，普遍；主导地位，支配地位

   retreat n.（军队）撤退；后退，离开；（水、雪或土地）范围缩小；隐退，躲避；悔棋；改变意见，改变看法；（股价）下挫，下跌；向后倾

补充情态动词

什么是情态动词？

情态动词表明说话人主观态度的词汇，情态动词后面 + V(原). -> 情态动词相当于助动词

情态动词的用法

1. 情态动词表示对现在和将来的推测

   情态动词 + V.

2. It can be a boy. 他是个男孩吧

3. I must be wealthy in the future.

4. 情态动词表示对过去的推测

5. 他大学的时候一定很自卑，你本没必要这样向我表达爱。

   He must have been self-biased in his university.

   must have down 一定做过某事

   must can not have down 否定

6. You need not have shown your love in this way.

   need have down 本没必要某事，但做了

7. 我本可以成为一个诗人。

   I could have become a prominent poet.

   could have down 本能够做某事，但却没有做( 表遗憾 )

8. 如果有缘分的话，我们早就应该结婚了

   We should have hot married if there exists a chance.

   should have down 本应该做某事，但没有做

插入语

1. 定义

   通常是定语，状语或者同位语，放在句子的主谓之间，用破折号或都好隔开

2. 常用插入语

3. 副词作插入语

4. 介词短语作插入语

5. 不定时短语作插入语

6. 分词作插入语

7. 现在分词短语作插入语

8. 考点分析

   直接翻译，用小括号隔开

6.30号之前结束：

1. 上课讲的例子 复习笔记 + 背诵
2. 书 + 背诵
3. 170 页之后 18篇文章 精读一遍

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